The majority of returning space objects either arrive back in a controlled manner to a specific location on Earth, or burn up in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Some objects may survive uncontrolled re-entry, making it harder to predict where the debris may fall.
The Australian Government has plans in place for events where space debris may impact Australia.
While any space debris that survives re-entry is most likely to land in the ocean or in remote locations, the initial discovery of space debris on Australian territory may be by members of the public.
What is space debris?
Space debris may be generated from a variety of re-entering space objects, such as satellites or launch vehicles that do not completely burn up as they pass through the Earth’s atmosphere. On occasion, space debris can land (or wash up) in Australia.
Notable examples include debris from the Skylab space station that landed in Western Australia in 1979; a SpaceX Dragon trunk found in New South Wales in 2022; and a pressure vessel from a launch vehicle that washed up in Western Australia in 2023.
Australia’s role in managing space debris incidents
The Australian Government Space Re-entry Debris Plan (AUSSPREDPLAN) outlines how the Australian Government will support the states and territories, if a space debris event takes place within their jurisdictions. The Australian Government also has international obligations, which includes the notification and return of space debris to the launching authority. The Australian Space Agency may provide support and advice to relevant authorities as appropriate when notified about suspected space debris.
Steps to take if suspected space debris is discovered
Do not handle the debris. Space objects are built from a range of materials that may be hazardous. They should only be handled by appropriately trained and equipped professionals.
Contact the local authorities.
If the situation is potentially urgent (e.g. there is a life-threatening situation), contact 000.
Otherwise contact the 24/7 Police Assistance Line on 131 444 for further advice.
Notify the Australian Space Agency, who may support authorities with technical expertise, liaise with foreign counterparts and operators, and advise on our treaty obligations.
What happens once the debris is identified as space debris
The Australian Space Agency can advise local authorities on the appropriate response to a confirmed space debris event.
If an item is confirmed as space debris, the Australian Government has international obligations to notify the launching authority of its discovery, and upon request, may be required to return the debris.
Related content
Main image caption: An image illustrating the distribution of space debris in orbit around Earth | Credit: European Space Agency.